Penggunaan Obat dan Bahan Farmasi Nonhalal pada Kondisi Darurat
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.67315/pancasilaspectrum.v1i03.172Keywords:
non-halal medicines, emergency situations, maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, protection of life, medical ethicsAbstract
This study aims to analyze the use of medicines and pharmaceutical ingredients derived from non-halal sources in emergency situations from the perspectives of Islamic jurisprudence, medical ethics, and health regulations. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed through a literature review, using thematic content analysis of scientific publications, religious fatwas, health guidelines, and relevant regulations. The findings indicate that medicines containing non-halal ingredients may be considered when there is a serious threat to life or health and no equivalent and effective halal alternative is available. Such decisions require assessment by competent healthcare professionals, verification of product information, and proportionate application of the necessity principle. From the perspective of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, the protection of life (ḥifẓ al-nafs) provides an important foundation for balancing religious commitments with medical needs. This study recommends strengthening patient communication, standard operating procedures, healthcare professional competencies, and access to information on pharmaceutical halal status. Further empirical research is needed to evaluate the implementation of these principles in healthcare practice.
References
Abubshait, L., Tasnim, N., & Cangoz, T. (2025). Pharmacological considerations for healthcare providers when caring for Muslim patients: A practical guide. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 17(10), Article 102429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2025.102429
Al-Syatibi. (1997). Al-Muwafaqat fi usul al-shari‘ah. Dar Ibn ‘Affan.
Auda, J. (2008). Maqasid al-shariah as philosophy of Islamic law: A systems approach. International Institute of Islamic Thought. https://iiit.org/en/book/maqasid-al-shariah-as-philosophy-of-islamic-law-a-systems-approach/
Bazargani, Y. T., Ewen, M., de Boer, A., Leufkens, H. G., & Mantel-Teeuwisse, A. K. (2014). Essential medicines are more available than other medicines around the globe. PLOS ONE, 9(2), Article e87576. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087576
Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2019). Principles of biomedical ethics (8th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
Herdiana, Y., Sofian, F. F., Shamsuddin, S., & Rusdiana, T. (2024). Towards halal pharmaceutical: Exploring alternatives to animal-based ingredients. Heliyon, 10(1), Article e23624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23624
Hogerzeil, H. V. (2004). The concept of essential medicines: Lessons for rich countries. BMJ, 329(7475), 1169–1172. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7475.1169
Ibrahim, A. H., Abdul Rahman, N. N., Saifuddeen, S. M., & Baharuddin, M. (2019). Maqasid al-Shariah based Islamic bioethics: A comprehensive approach. Science and Engineering Ethics, 25, 1183–1202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-019-09902-8
Indonesia. (2009). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 52 Tahun 2009 tentang Perkembangan Kependudukan dan Pembangunan Keluarga.
Indonesia. (2014). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 33 Tahun 2014 tentang Jaminan Produk Halal. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/
Indonesia. (2023). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan. https://jdih.kemkes.go.id/documents/undang-undang-nomor-17-tahun-2023
Indonesia, Kementerian Kesehatan. (2024). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 3 Tahun 2024 tentang Pedoman Cara Pembuatan yang Halal bagi Obat, Produk Biologi, dan Alat Kesehatan, serta Pencantuman Informasi Asal Bahan untuk Alat Kesehatan. https://jdih.kemkes.go.id/documents/peraturan-menteri-kesehatan-nomor-3-tahun-2024
Indonesia, Pemerintah Pusat. (2024). Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 42 Tahun 2024 tentang Penyelenggaraan Bidang Jaminan Produk Halal. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/304896/pp-no-42-tahun-2024
Institute of Medicine. (2001). Crossing the quality chasm: A new health system for the 21st century. National Academy Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/10027
International Islamic Fiqh Academy. (1992). Medical treatments: Resolution No. 67 (5/7). https://iifa-aifi.org/en/33361.html
Isa, N. M. (2016). Darurah (necessity) and its application in Islamic ethical assessment of medical applications: A review on Malaysian fatwa. Science and Engineering Ethics, 22(5), 1319–1332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-015-9698-1
Irfany, M. I., Nekha, A., Tieman, M., & Haq, D. A. (2025). Halal procurement strategy for the halal pharmaceutical industry in Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 16(4), 1073–1094. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-09-2023-0274
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2013). Riset kesehatan dasar (Riskesdas) 2013. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2015). Instruksi Menteri Kesehatan Nomor HK.02.02/MENKES/437/2015 tentang Gerakan Masyarakat Cerdas Menggunakan Obat.
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2015, November 13). Menkes canangkan Gerakan Masyarakat Cerdas Menggunakan Obat. https://www.kemkes.go.id/id/menkes-canangkan-gerakan-masyarakat-cerdas-menggunakan-obat
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2018). Laporan nasional Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2018. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan.
Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia. (2013). Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia Nomor 30 Tahun 2013 tentang obat dan pengobatan.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia. (2016). Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia Nomor 4 Tahun 2016 tentang imunisasi. https://mui.or.id/public/baca/fatwa/imunisasi
MdDahlal, N., Desa, R., & Zain, M. N. (2025). The Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia policy regarding the use of medications containing non-halal ingredients: An analysis from the Shari’ah perspective. Halalsphere, 5(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.31436/hs.v5i1.104
Moja, L., Zanichelli, V., Mertz, D., Gandra, S., Cappello, B., Cooke, G. S., Chuki, P., Harbarth, S., Pulcini, C., Mendelson, M., Tacconelli, E., Ombajo, L. A., Chitatanga, R., Zeng, M., Imi, M., Elias, C., Ashorn, P., & Marata, A. (2024). WHO’s essential medicines and AWaRe: Recommendations on first- and second-choice antibiotics for empiric treatment of clinical infections. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 30(Suppl. 2), S1–S51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2024.02.003
Nazar, Z., Ali, B., Rutter, P., & Barnes, N. (2025). Islamic reasoning and the use of prohibited medicines among Muslim patients: A qualitative study. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 47(6), 2083–2093. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-025-02046-3
Norazmi, M. N., & Lim, L. S. (2015). Halal pharmaceutical industry: Opportunities and challenges. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 36(8), 496–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2015.06.006
Nutbeam, D. (2000). Health literacy as a public health goal: A challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health Promotion International, 15(3), 259–267. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/15.3.259
Sørensen, K., Van den Broucke, S., Fullam, J., Doyle, G., Pelikan, J., Slonska, Z., & Brand, H. (2012). Health literacy and public health: A systematic review and integration of definitions and models. BMC Public Health, 12, Article 80. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-80
World Health Organization. (1987). The rational use of drugs: Report of the Conference of Experts, Nairobi, 25–29 November 1985. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/5922
World Health Organization. (2002). Promoting rational use of medicines: Core components (WHO Policy Perspectives on Medicines No. 5). https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/67438/WHO_EDM_2002.3.pdf
World Health Organization. (2012). The pursuit of responsible use of medicines: Sharing and learning from country experiences (WHO/EMP/MAR/2012.3). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-EMP-MAR-2012.3
World Health Organization. (2017). Medication without harm: WHO global patient safety challenge. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-HIS-SDS-2017.6
World Health Organization. (2019a). Medication safety in polypharmacy: Technical report. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-UHC-SDS-2019.11
World Health Organization. (2019b). Medication safety in transitions of care. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-UHC-SDS-2019.9
World Health Organization. (2021). Global patient safety action plan 2021–2030: Towards eliminating avoidable harm in health care. World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2023). Antimicrobial resistance. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance
World Health Organization. (2024). Medication without harm: Policy brief. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240062764
World Health Organization. (2026, January 26). Essential medicines. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/essential-medicines
Zed, M. (2004). Metode penelitian kepustakaan. Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
